These results clearly suggest that VOCos-receiver plants have two potential means for the priming of defense responses, i.e., by interacting with herbivores’ enemies and with neighboring conspecific plants by releasing a VOC blend. Although we do not know the ecological consequences of such multi-plant communi- cation, plants may have evolved this system that allows plants to emit and respond to volatile cues in order to sustain their population built up of genetically identical plants.