The measure for fanship was adopted from Trail andJames’ (2001) scale and was slightly changed to fit inthe context of Longhorns football: “I consider myselfto be a “real” fan of the Longhorns football team” “Iwould experience a loss if I had to stop being a fan ofthe Longhorns football team” and “Being a fan of theLonghorns football team is very important to me.” Allthree items were measured with a 7-point Likert scaleranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree).Demographic questions such as gender and age wereincluded in the survey.