The results add further validity to the use of Black Swiss mice as a model for domains of mania. The expression of -catenin in the hippocampus of BS mice was significantly lower compared with other strains suggesting a possible relationship between the behavioral phenotype and an underlying mechanism related to BPD. Specifically, -catenin is a downstream molecule of GSK-3 and these molecules are strongly implicated in BPD. Some of the candidate genes for BPD are related to these proteins [15,33], mood stabilizers inhibit GSK-3 and increase the expression of -catenin [34], pharmacological or genetic manipulations of these proteins in animals result in affective-like behavioral changes [18,20,23] and transgenic mice overexpressing -catenin were demonstrated to have a behavioral phenotype similar to mice treated with lithium [18]. In line with these data it was hypothesized that BS mice showing manic-like behavior will have reduced expression of brain -catenin. The present results show that indeed BS mice express less -catenin compared with the other strains in the hippocampus but not cortex. Work with animal models repeatedly highlights the hippocampus as relevant to manic-like behaviors in rodents [e.g. [16,35,36]]. The increased mRNA expression of -cateninin the hippocampus compared with other brain regions, including the cortex (Fig. 1C), lend support to the functional importance of - atenin in this brain region. Because both -catenin and the hippocampus are highly implicated in BPD, these molecular results support the etiological (construct) validity of BS mice as a model animal for mania. Atypical antipsychotics are frequently used in the treatment of BPD, either as monotherapy or as adjunctive treatment to mood stabilizing drugs [37] however, considering the complexity of the disease, it is not simple to distinguish the effects of different drugs in clinical populations. A previous study already demonstrated that atypical antipsychotics are effective to ameliorate amphetamineinduced hyperactivity in BS mice [13] but the effects were not evaluated in the entire battery of behavioral tests. The utilization of a comprehensive test battery in BS mice provides a possibility to experimentally dissect the pharmacological effects of different drug classes in a model animal and might be relevant to predicting effects in humans. Further establishing the predictability of the model may not be simple but the available data show that mood stabilizers had effects on some manic-like behaviors [7,8,10,11], risperidone was effective only in the amphetamine-induced hyperactivity test (present study) and imipramine had no effects [7]. These differential effects support the pharmacological (predictive) validity ofthe model and suggestthatthe battery oftests in BS mice may be helpful to distinguish specific effects of novel treatments.
結果進一步增加有效性則採用黑色的瑞士小鼠作為狂熱的域模型。在BS小鼠海馬連環蛋白的表達顯著降低與其它菌株暗示行為表型和相關的BPD的基礎機制之間的可能關係進行比較。具體而言,β-連環蛋白是GSK-3的下游分子,並且這些分子在BPD強烈牽連。一些候選基因BPD的都涉及到這些蛋白質[15,33],情緒穩定劑抑制GSK-3和增加連環蛋白的表達[34],在動物中,這些蛋白質的藥理學或遺傳操作導致情感樣行為變化[18,20,23]和轉基因小鼠過度表達β-連環蛋白被證實具有類似於與鋰[18]治療的小鼠行為表型。在與這些數據線有人推測BS的小鼠表現出躁狂樣行為將減少腦β-連環蛋白的表達。目前的結果顯示,確實BS小鼠表達少連環與海馬但不皮質的其他菌株相比。用動物模型進行反复工作凸顯了海馬的相關躁狂樣的囓齒類動物的行為[例如[16,35,36]。增加與其他腦區域,包括皮質(圖1C)相比-cateninin海馬mRNA的表達,支持了的功能重要性 - 在這種大腦區域atenin。因為這兩個聯蛋白和海馬中BPD高度牽連,這些分子結果支持BS小鼠的病因學(構建體)的有效性,作為躁狂症的模型動物。非典型抗精神病藥物在BPD的治療經常使用,無論是作為單一療法或作為輔助治療情緒穩定藥物[37]然而,考慮到疾病的複雜性,這不是簡單的區分在臨床人群的不同藥物的效果。先前的研究已經表明,非典型抗精神病藥物是有效改善amphetamineinduced多動症BS小鼠[13]但療效均未的行為測試整個電池評價。在BS小鼠全面測試電池的使用提供了可能性解剖實驗的動物模型不同類藥物的藥理作用,並有可能相關預測人體的影響。進一步確立了該模型的預測可能不會是簡單的,但現有的數據表明,情緒穩定對一些躁狂樣行為[7,8,10,11]的影響,利培酮僅在安非他明誘導的活動過度試驗(本研究中)是有效的,丙咪嗪沒有影響[7]。這些差動作用支持的藥理學(預測)有效性模型國稅發和在BS小鼠suggestthatthe電池oftests可能有助於區分的新的治療方法的具體效果。
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這一結果進一步驗證了瑞士黑老鼠作為躁狂症領域模型的有效性。與其他菌株相比,BS小鼠海馬中-catenin的表達顯著降低,提示行為錶型與BPD相關的潜在機制可能存在聯系。具體來說,-連環蛋白是GSK-3的下游分子,這些分子與BPD密切相關。BPD的一些候選基因與這些蛋白質相關[15,33],情緒穩定劑抑制GSK-3並新增-catenin的表達[34],這些蛋白質在動物體內的藥理學或遺傳操作導致類似情感的行為改變[18,20,23],並且轉基因小鼠過度表達-catenin被證明具有行為錶型與鋰處理的小鼠相似[18]。根據這些數據推測,表現出狂躁樣行為的BS小鼠腦連環蛋白的表達會降低。現時的研究結果表明,與海馬中的其他菌株相比,BS小鼠表達的連環蛋白確實較少,但皮質中沒有。與動物模型的研究反復強調海馬體與齧齒動物的躁狂樣行為有關[如[16,35,36]。與其他腦區(包括皮層)相比,海馬中-catenin的mRNA表達新增(圖1C),支持了-atenin在該腦區的功能重要性。由於連環蛋白和海馬體都與BPD高度相關,這些分子結果支持BS小鼠作為躁狂症模型動物的病因(構念)有效性。非典型抗精神病藥物常用於BPD的治療,無論是作為單一治療還是作為情緒穩定藥物的輔助治療[37],然而,考慮到疾病的複雜性,在臨床人群中區分不同藥物的效果並不簡單。先前的一項研究已經證明非典型抗精神病藥對改善苯丙胺誘導的BS小鼠多動症是有效的[13],但在整個行為測試中並未對其效果進行評估。在BS小鼠中使用綜合測試電池提供了在模型動物中實驗解剖不同藥物類別的藥理作用的可能性,並且可能與預測人類的作用有關。進一步建立模型的可預測性可能並不簡單,但現有資料表明,情緒穩定劑對某些躁狂樣行為有影響[7,8,10,11],利培酮僅在苯丙胺誘導的多動症試驗(本研究)中有效,丙咪嗪沒有影響[7]。這些差异效應支持了模型的藥理學(預測)有效性,並提示BS小鼠的一系列試驗可能有助於區分新治療的特殊效應。<br>
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