I. INTRODUCTIONThe cardinal role th

I. INTRODUCTIONThe cardinal role that social relationships play in emotional development has been well established. Not only does social interaction serve tostrengthen and refine links between feelings and environmental eventsearly in life (deRivera, 1984), social interactions contribute importantlyto the development of attachment (Ainsworth, 1982; Bowlby, 1973) andthe acquisition of emotional knowledge (Shaver, 1984). Although the developmental course of social and emotional links in later stages of lifehas received far less attention, it is clear that the inextricable associationbetween emotion and social contact never ceases. In all likelihood, emotional experience within the context of social relationships influences virtually all domains of human experience throughout the human life span. In this chapter, we explore the role of emotion expression and experience within the context of intimate relationships in adulthood and oldage. We focus on the marital relationship because in Western cultures it isthe closest and most enduring relationship most adults experience. Over95% of people in America marry at some point in their lives, and after20 years more than half of these marriages are still intact; in cases of divorce, remarriage within two to three years is typical (U.S. Bureau of theCensus, 1992b). Marriage also serves as a rite of passage that signals entry into adulthood and marks the beginning of a developmental path onwhich other emotionally charged life events, such as parenthood andwidowhood, are likely to follow. Thus, the marital relationship serves as aprincipal context for emotional experiences and life events.In the following pages, we argue that relationships characterized byheavy emotional investment have broad implications for individuals' mental and physical health. Next, we characterize at a more microscopic levelemotional exchanges between husbands and wives at different points inthe life cycle. And finally, we offer the beginnings of a theoretical framework within which to consider the developmental course of emotionalexperience during the second half of life.II. LINKS AMONG MARRIAGE, EMOTION, AND HEALTHMarriage in modern times is expected to serve as a principal resourcefor emotional support. Most married people count their spouses amongthe small circle of intimates who comprise the social convoy that accompanies them through life (Antonucci & Jackson, 1987). As people age,spouses exert direct and indirect influences on access to emotional closeness. In old age, for example, as the overall social network narrows, thespousal relationship comes to occupy an ever larger proportion of this social resource. Spouses contribute to the overall size of their partners' social networks, above and beyond their own presence, by introducing theirown close friends and relatives to one another, thus expanding eachother's social networks with social partners who might not otherwise beavailable (Lang & Carstensen, 1994). In recent years a compelling case has been made for the link betweensocial support and physical health. Married people are in better physicaland mental health than their single counterparts (B. Hess & Soldo, 1985).At one level, support from a spouse or child can reduce high-risk healthbehaviors, such as alcohol consumption, smoking, and drug use (Costello, 1991). But even controlling for health practices and socioeconomicstatus, the increased presence of emotional confidantsmwhich is clearly associated with marital status--predicts lower morbidity and lower mortality (Berkman & Syme, 1979; Blazer, 1982; Breslow & Engstrom, 1980).The manner in which social relationships influence physical healthremains elusive, however, and the health benefits of marriage require twoimportant qualifiers related importantly to emotion: First, whereas married men appear to be healthier than single men irrespective of maritalsatisfaction, wives derive health benefits only when the marriage is happy(B. Hess & Soldo, 1985; Levenson, Carstensen, & Gottman, 1993), an issue to which we return later in this chapter. Second, the double-edgedsword of emotional closeness is evident in marriage. When relationshipsare unhappy, the intimacy of marriage places spouses at risk for a number of deleterious outcomes. Unhappy marriages can entail physical violence, mental abuse (Markman, Renick, Floyd, & Stanley, 1993), andeven murder (Tariq & Anila, 1993). Unhappy marriages are also stronglyimplicated in clinical depression. Among couples who seek marital therapy, half involve a depressed spouse (Beach, Jouriles, & O'Leary, 1985),and half of all women who seek treatment for depression report serious marital problems (Rounsaville, Weissman, Prusoff, & Herceg-Baron,1979).

結果 (繁體中文) 1:

I. INTRODUCTION
The cardinal role that social relationships play in emotional development has been well established. Not only does social interaction serve to
strengthen and refine links between feelings and environmental events
early in life (deRivera, 1984), social interactions contribute importantly
to the development of attachment (Ainsworth, 1982; Bowlby, 1973) and
the acquisition of emotional knowledge (Shaver, 1984). Although the developmental course of social and emotional links in later stages of life
has received far less attention, it is clear that the inextricable association
between emotion and social contact never ceases. In all likelihood, emotional experience within the context of social relationships influences virtually all domains of human experience throughout the human life span.
In this chapter, we explore the role of emotion expression and experience within the context of intimate relationships in adulthood and old
age. We focus on the marital relationship because in Western cultures it is
the closest and most enduring relationship most adults experience. Over
95% of people in America marry at some point in their lives, and after
20 years more than half of these marriages are still intact; in cases of divorce, remarriage within two to three years is typical (U.S. Bureau of the
Census, 1992b). Marriage also serves as a rite of passage that signals entry into adulthood and marks the beginning of a developmental path on
which other emotionally charged life events, such as parenthood and
widowhood, are likely to follow. Thus, the marital relationship serves as a
principal context for emotional experiences and life events.
In the following pages, we argue that relationships characterized by
heavy emotional investment have broad implications for individuals' mental and physical health. Next, we characterize at a more microscopic level
emotional exchanges between husbands and wives at different points in
生命週期。最後，我們提供了一個理論框架內，其中要考慮的情感發展歷程的開始
，在生命的後半經驗。
II。鏈路之間的婚姻，情感，健康
的現代婚姻有望作為主要資源
為情感上的支持。大多數已婚的人就躋身他們的配偶
誰包含與之相伴一生（Antonucci和傑克遜，1987年）的社會車隊內衣的小圓圈。隨著年齡的增長，
夫妻會對獲得情感上的接近直接和間接的影響。在晚年，例如，作為整體的社會網絡變窄時，
spousal relationship comes to occupy an ever larger proportion of this social resource. Spouses contribute to the overall size of their partners' social networks, above and beyond their own presence, by introducing their
own close friends and relatives to one another, thus expanding each
other's social networks with social partners who might not otherwise be
available (Lang & Carstensen, 1994). In recent years a compelling case has been made for the link between
social support and physical health. Married people are in better physical
and mental health than their single counterparts (B. Hess & Soldo, 1985).
At one level, support from a spouse or child can reduce high-risk health
behaviors, such as alcohol consumption, smoking, and drug use (Costello, 1991). But even controlling for health practices and socioeconomic
status, the increased presence of emotional confidantsmwhich is clearly associated with marital status--predicts lower morbidity and lower mortality (Berkman & Syme, 1979; Blazer, 1982; Breslow & Engstrom, 1980).
The manner in which social relationships influence physical health
remains elusive, however, and the health benefits of marriage require two
important qualifiers related importantly to emotion: First, whereas married men appear to be healthier than single men irrespective of marital
satisfaction, wives derive health benefits only when the marriage is happy
(B. Hess & Soldo, 1985; Levenson, Carstensen, & Gottman, 1993), an issue to which we return later in this chapter. Second, the double-edged
sword of emotional closeness is evident in marriage. When relationships
are unhappy, the intimacy of marriage places spouses at risk for a number of deleterious outcomes. Unhappy marriages can entail physical violence, mental abuse (Markman, Renick, Floyd, & Stanley, 1993), and
even murder (Tariq & Anila, 1993). Unhappy marriages are also strongly
implicated in clinical depression. Among couples who seek marital therapy, half involve a depressed spouse (Beach, Jouriles, & O'Leary, 1985),
and half of all women who seek treatment for depression report serious marital problems (Rounsaville, Weissman, Prusoff, & Herceg-Baron,
1979年）。

結果 (繁體中文) 2:

I. 介紹
社會關係在情感發展中的重要作用已經確立。社會互動不僅有助於
加強和完善感情與環境事件之間的聯繫
早年生活（deRivera，1984年），社會交往有助於重要
依戀的發展（Ainsworth，1982年;鮑爾比， 1973） 和
獲得情感知識（沙弗，1984年）。雖然社會和情感聯繫在晚年的發展過程
已經受到少得多的關注，很明顯，不可分割的關聯
情感和社會接觸之間從未停止過。社會關係中的情感體驗很可能影響人類整個生命期間幾乎所有人類經驗領域。
在本章中，我們探討了情感表達和經驗在成年和老年人親密關係中的作用
年齡。我們專注于婚姻關係，因為在西方文化中，它是
大多數成年人經歷的最親密和最持久的關係。以上
95%的美國人民在一生中的某個時候結婚，之後
20年以上，這些婚姻中一半以上仍然完好無損;在離婚的情況下，兩到三年內再婚是典型的（美國局
人口普查，1992b）。婚姻也是一種儀式，標誌著進入成年，標誌著一條發展道路的開始。
其他充滿感情的生活事件，如父母和
守寡，很可能跟隨。因此，婚姻關係作為
情感體驗和生活事件的主要背景。
在以下幾頁中，我們認為，這種關係的特點是
沉重的情感投資對個人的身心健康有著廣泛的影響。接下來，我們在更微觀的層面上描述
丈夫和妻子之間的情感交流在不同的點
生命週期。最後，我們提供了一個理論框架的開端，在其中考慮情感的發展過程
在後半生的經驗。
二、婚姻、情感與健康之間的聯繫
現代婚姻有望成為主要資源
情感支援。大多數已婚者把他們的配偶算在一起
組成伴隨他們一生的社會車隊的小圈子（安東努奇·傑克遜，1987年）。隨著人們年齡的老化，
配偶對獲得情感親密關係有直接和間接的影響。例如，在老年，隨著整個社交網路的縮小，
配偶關係在這種社會資源中所占的比例越來越大。配偶通過介紹其，在自身存在之外，為伴侶的社交網路的總體規模做出貢獻。
自己的親密的朋友和親戚彼此，從而擴大每個
其他人的社交網路與社會夥伴，否則可能不會
可用（朗和卡斯滕森，1994年）。近年來，人們為
社會支援和身體健康。已婚人士身體更強壯
和心理健康比他們的單親對手（B.Hess & Soldo，1985年）。
在一個層次上，配偶或子女的支援可以減少高風險的健康
行為，如飲酒、吸煙和吸毒（Costello，1991年）。但即使是控制健康實踐和社會經濟
狀態，情緒知己的增加，這顯然與婚姻狀況有關——預測發病率降低和死亡率降低（伯克曼和Syme，1979年;佈雷澤， 1982;佈雷斯洛 – 恩斯特羅姆，1980年）。
社會關係影響身體健康的方式
然而，仍然難以捉摸，婚姻的健康利益需要兩個
與情感相關的重要限定條件：首先，已婚男性似乎比單身男性更健康，而不論婚姻
滿意，妻子得到健康的好處，只有當婚姻是幸福的
（B. Hess & Soldo， 1985;萊文森，卡斯滕森，-戈特曼，1993年），這個問題，我們稍後在本章返回。第二，雙刃
情感親密的劍在婚姻中是顯而易見的。當關係
不快樂，婚姻的親密使配偶面臨一些有害後果的風險。不幸的婚姻可能導致身體暴力、精神虐待（馬克曼、雷尼克、佛洛德、斯坦利，1993年），以及
甚至謀殺（塔里克和阿尼拉，1993年）。不幸的婚姻也強烈
涉及臨床抑鬱症。在尋求婚姻治療的夫婦中，有一半涉及抑鬱的配偶（海灘，朱利萊斯，–奧萊利，1985年），
一半的尋求抑鬱症治療的婦女報告嚴重的婚姻問題（魯恩薩維爾，威斯曼，普盧梭夫，和赫塞格巴倫，
1979).

結果 (繁體中文) 3:

一、導言
社會關係在情感發展中所起的主要作用已經確立。社會交往不僅有助於
加强和完善感情和環境事件之間的聯系
早年（deRivera，1984），社會交往對
依戀的發展（安斯沃思，1982；鮑比，1973）
情感知識的獲取（Shaver，1984）。儘管社會和情感聯系在生命後期的發展過程
已經很少受到關注了，很明顯，這種千絲萬縷的聯系
情感和社交之間的聯系從未停止。在所有可能的情况下，社會關係背景下的情感體驗幾乎影響了整個人類生命週期中人類體驗的所有領域。
在這一章中，我們探討了情感表達和經驗在成年和老年親密關係中的作用
年齡。我們關注婚姻關係是因為在西方文化中
大多數成年人所經歷的最親密、最持久的關係。結束
美國95%的人在一生中的某個時候結婚
20年以上的婚姻仍然完好無損；在離婚的情况下，通常在2到3年內再婚（美國聯邦調查局
人口普查，1992b）。婚姻也是一種成人儀式，標誌著進入成年期，標誌著一條發展道路的開始
其他情緒化的生活事件，如父母和
守寡，很可能隨之而來。囙此，婚姻關係作為
情感體驗和生活事件的主要背景。
在接下來的幾頁中，我們認為
大量的情感投入對個人的身心健康有著廣泛的影響。接下來，我們從更微觀的角度來描述
不同時期的夫妻情感交流
生命週期。最後，我們提供了一個理論框架的開始，在這個框架內考慮情緒的發展過程
下半輩子的經歷。
二。婚姻、情感和健康之間的聯系
現代婚姻有望成為一種主要資源
為了情感上的支持。大多數已婚人士把他們的配偶算在
組成陪伴他們一生的社會護航隊的小圈子（安東努奇和傑克遜，1987）。隨著年齡的增長，
配偶對獲得情感親密感有直接和間接的影響。例如，在老年，隨著整個社會網絡的縮小
配偶關係在這一社會資源中所占的比例越來越大。配偶通過介紹他們的社交網絡，在他們自己的存在之外，為他們的伴侶的社交網絡的整體規模做出貢獻
彼此擁有親密的朋友和親戚，從而擴大了彼此
其他人的社交網絡與其他人可能沒有的社交夥伴
提供（Lang&Carstensen，1994）。近年來，一個令人信服的案例表明
社會支持和身體健康。已婚人士身體狀況較好
以及心理健康比他們的單一同行（B.赫斯&索爾多，1985）。
在某種程度上，配偶或子女的支持可以降低高風險健康
飲酒、吸烟和吸毒等行為（Costello，1991）。但即使是對醫療實踐和社會經濟的控制
狀態，與婚姻狀況明顯相關的情感知己的新增預示著更低的發病率和更低的死亡率（Berkman&Syme，1979；Blazer，1982；Breslow&Engstrom，1980）。
社會關係影響身體健康的管道
然而，仍然難以捉摸，而婚姻的健康好處需要兩個
重要的限定詞與情感有著重要的關係：首先，已婚男性似乎比單身男性更健康，而與婚姻無關
滿足，妻子只有在婚姻幸福時才能獲得健康福利
（B.赫斯和索爾多，1985年；列文森、卡斯滕森和戈特曼，1993年），這是我們在本章後面將要討論的問題。第二，雙刃劍
感情上的親密之劍在婚姻中是顯而易見的。當關係
不幸的是，婚姻的親密關係會使配偶面臨許多有害後果的風險。不幸的婚姻可能導致身體暴力、精神虐待（馬克曼、雷尼克、佛洛德和斯坦利，1993年），以及
甚至謀殺（Tariq&Anila，1993）。不幸的婚姻也很强烈
與臨床抑鬱症有關。在尋求婚姻治療的夫婦中，一半涉及抑鬱的配偶（Beach，Jouriles，&O'Leary，1985），
半數尋求抑鬱症治療的女性都有嚴重的婚姻問題（魯恩斯維爾、魏斯曼、普魯索夫和赫塞格巴倫，
1979年）。