Two important operations of MEA, similartaxis and dissimilation,are used to replace the crossover and mutation operators ofgenetic algorithms (GAs). Liu and Wang [34,35] suggested thatMEA is always better than GA for speed convergence and optimisingperformance. The MEA population consists of a number ofgroups in the searching environment. The billboards are used torecord the individuals or subgroups serial number, action andscore. From Fig. 12, the procedure of MEA can be explained as follows[35]: