Six of the studies reviewed here primarily aimed at training parents to manage their children’s problem behavior and, in some cases, to increase children’s skills. It is important to note that all of the BPT studies reported improvements in children’s behavior associated with the interventions, although we did not attempt to characterize the quality of this evidence for child behavior change. We asked a different question: Can BPT be used as a way to help parents with stress-related emotional distress? There were consistent findings of collateral benefits of parent behavioral training in reducing depressive symptoms in mothers, although the effect sizes were small. Children’s problem behaviors and pa rental depressive symptoms have been shown to covary in a bidirectional fashion over a 1-year period [Hastings et al., 2006].