IN the Human Side of Enterprise, Douglas McGregor outlined two opposing theories of work and motivation.What he calls Theory X is the rather pessimistic approach to workers and working which assumes that people are lazy and will avoid work and responsibility if they can. Consequently,workers have to be closely supervised and controlled, and told what to do. They have to be both threatened, for example with incentives, probably monetary ones such as a pay rise or bonuses.Theory X assumes that most people are incapable of taking responsibility for themselves and have to be looked after. It has traditionally been applied, for example, by managers of factory workers in large-scale manufacturing.