As shown in Figure 5A, VOCos-receiver bean plants in a greenhouse showed higher levels of VOCs after T. urticae attack, in comparison to the infested VOCwt-receiver plants. These findings suggested that such high levels of the emitted VOCs may also affect the neighboring plants (the second receiver plants), leading to more efficient indirect plant defenses. Accordingly, we conducted experiments to assess the priming effect on indirect defenses in uninfested lima beans placed near either the VOCos- receiver or VOCwt-receiver plants.