Spectators’ On-Site SurveyParticipants were randomly selected from the designated areas. Sample population was the targetpopulation, and the researcher asked each potential participant if they were ticket holders or justtailgating. For both collegiate football events, the sample population included those spectators whowere ticket holders. The sample population surveyed from both events was N = 488; on-CFE wasn = 253 and the off-CFE was n = 235.