The insulin/PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway in the stress-and ARinduced CYP regulation. The stress-induced epinephrine release from adrenal medulla stimulates 2-ARs on pancreatic beta-cells and enhances the release of insulin in response to increased plasma glucose levels (Woodcroft and Novak, 1997). In turn, insulin stimulates insulin receptors (IR) in hepatocyte plasma membranes and this effect results in the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) at different docking sites where the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) binds. Phosphorylated PI3K converts phosphatidylinositol biphosphate (PIP2) to phosphatidylinositol triphosphate (PIP3), which in turn activates protein kinase B (AKT). Upon activation AKT phosphorylates the transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) that subsequently translocates into the cytoplasm thus terminating CYP gene transcription. The stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylate FOXO1 in the cytoplasm thus promoting the nuclear localization of FOXO1, thus counteracting the effect of AKT. The final outcome on gene regulation depends on the interplay between AKT and JNK (Daskalopoulos et al., 2012a; Hay, 2011).