4.2. Controlling for the business cycle and other predictorsRegarding the variance and tail risk premia, the relations are estimated over a short sample period, 1996–2013, which makes these empirical results less relevant. Average skewness and VRP are found to be weakly significant when introduced alone, with a p-value close to 10%. In combination with average skewness, none of the predictors is significant. Also, TRP is not found to be a significant predictor of next-month market returns.12