4.1.2. PlanningAs far as planning is concerned, the study found that local planning in terms of transportationand density may not be sufficient to address CO2 emissions of sporting events. Spectators traveledfurther to attend the on-CFE (high-density area) in comparison to the off-CFE (low-density areas)and generated a larger amount of CO2 emissions traveling to an on-CFE. The largest amount of CO2emissions was generated from spectators who traveled more than 80 miles to attend the on-CFE.This finding is inconsistent with literature in planning. According to studies, high-density areas haveless than 20 miles’ radius and therefore people typically travel no more than 20 miles. However, when asporting event takes place, people travel greater distances to attend the event. In sport managementliterature, there is no study that associates this phenomenon in concert with planning theories.Non-students traveled the furthest to attend the on-CFE, and the non-student spectators identifiedas alumni [60]. Therefore, the negative environmental impact may be an outcome of an emotionalbonding of alumni with the campus and stadium of the on-CFE [27]. The sense of place concept is auseful theoretical framework in concert with environmental sustainability and urban planning [27].Spectators that traveled greater than 80 miles to attend the on-CFE can be identified as “sporting eventtourists” [20,27].