In traditional learning environments unique benefits have been show by both orientations as mastery goals have been associated with higher levels of cognitive strategy use, metacognitive strategy use, interest, and cognitive engagement and effort . Performance goals, on the other hand, have been linked to various outcome measures of achievement across studies. The role of goal orientation in GBLEs is not yet clearly understood, however one might posit that it could determine the emphasis one places on achieving points and in-game rewards versus gaining content mastery while also influencing the extent to which one persists in attempting to solve a complex problem.