Ra mutant rough strain LPS (RaLPS) from EH100 Escherichia coli was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK).
DPPC and tail-deuterated DPPC [d-DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl(d62)-sn-glycero- 3-phosphocholine] were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL).
All phospholipid and LPS samples were used without further purification.
All other chemicals were sourced from Sigma-Aldrich