Clearly, Clark is referring to effectiveness as the degree of success experienced by institutions performing marketing functions while efficiency is concerned with the minimizing of the costs of performing marketing functions. Although Clark did not explicitly express the two concepts of effectiveness and efficiency of performing marketing functions in the context of an output/input, this concept was implicit in his seminal article on the subject. The output of the marketing system is the work (marketing functions) undertaken by marketing institutions. The input is the costs associated with performing the marketing functions. If the output were to remai constant while costs were decreasing, the work of marketing would be more efficient. Or, if the output decreases even if costs remained constant, efficiency would decrease.