These results clearly suggest that VOCos-receiver plants have two potential means for the priming of defense responses, i.e., by interacting with herbivores’ enemies and with neighboring conspecific plants by releasing a VOC blend. Although we do not know the ecological consequences of such multi-plant communi- cation, plants may have evolved this system that allows plants to emit and respond to volatile cues in order to sustain their population built up of genetically identical plants. This view is supported by recent findings indicating that communication is more effective between branches that are genetically identical than between branches that are genetically different