Exclusion criteriaParticipants were excluded if they self-reported: diagnosed vestibular pathology such as Meniere’s disease or benign paroxysmal positional vertigo; a history of cerebrovascular accident or myocardial infarct; psychiatric disease; active inflammatory spondyloarthropathies (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis); recent spinal trauma; osteomyelitis; spinal tumours; acute myelopathy; and if they had received neck any SMT or neck massage during the previous three months. Participants were excluded if they showed signs of cognitive impairment as demonstrated by a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score of 20 or less