These five elements held many similarities to the concep- tualizations historical empathy from the past with an emphasis on temporal context, avolding presentist thinking, impositionality, and use of hindsight for contextualization. Where Barton and Levstik broke in a significant way from previous scholar- ship was with their conceptualization of empathy as care, which they introduced by arguing that "empathy without caring sounds like an oxymoron" (p. 228). Recognizing that students' feelings about history cannot be easily separated from the way they think about it, Barton and Levstik (2004) nevertheless