4.2. Practical ImplicationsThis study provided practical information to urban planners, university decision makers,stakeholders and sporting event marketers. Athletic facilities should be carefully designed and locatedwith special attention to environmental impact and fan attachment to place and team, as millionsof people use these facilities, especially for collegiate football, over the life of the stadium. Stadiumlocation effects spectators’ transportation mode choice and CO2 emissions. Transportation modesand distances traveled by spectators largely influenced CO2 emissions. Results showed that there aredifferences in environmental impact among the transportation modes chosen by spectators. Publictransportation, e.g., bus or metro, is the favored mode in a high-density area, and has less impact on theenvironment [61]. However, spectators in the on-CFE did not utilize carpooling as much as spectatorsin the off-CFE, i.e., many drove alone or used public transportation. Spectators in the off-CFE choseto carpool or use a bus. Moreover, it was found that carpooling was significantly different fromeco-friendly modes in terms of CO2 emissions per person. Many on-CFE spectators preferred to usevehicles, even for short distances. This may indicate that spectators in the on-CFE did not considerthe environment when choosing their transportation mode or it may just be more convenient to takethe car. Spectators use cars and carpool more often, perhaps because they tailgate prior the game andtherefore need a vehicle to transport food, drinks, games, television, etc.