The theory recognizes that outcomes can be adaptive and indicative of resilience or they can be negative. Researchers have tested interventions aimed at addressing one or more of the elements in this model in order to support parents who are experiencing stress-related psychological distress. One specific stressor has been the focus of extensive research—child problem behavior. Many studies have reported problem behavior to be a powerful predictor of parental distress. In their analysis of the literature on predictors of depression, Bailey et al. [2007] found that it was a significant correlate of depressive symptoms in nine out of nine studies. Parents have sought help for these problems and researchers have tested various forms of parenting education including, most commonly, methods based on social learning and applied behavior analysis theories [Lucyshyn et al., 2002]. Other researchers have focused on parenting coping skills education aimed at helping parents manage stress by teaching them techniques for both emotion focused and problemfocused coping [Hastings and Beck, 2004]. Most of these stress-management procedures are based on cognitive behavioral approaches to psychoeducation.