Participants and ProceduresOn-site, face-to-face survey questionnaires were used to collect data from spectators at these twocollegiate football events. Participants were over 18 years old, both males and females and residents ofthe US. Data were collected outside of the stadium, in areas where spectators tailgate and enter thestadium. Participants were given a brief explanation of the study’s purpose and they were assured thatall responses would be completely anonymous and confidential. The researcher asked each participantequations on the following: (1) transportation modes used to attend the event; (2) the number of people thatwere in the vehicle when appropriate; and (3) where travel originated and/or miles traveled. Data pertaining todemographics were also collected, such as gender and affiliation, e.g., student, alumni, or unaffiliated(see Appendix A).