These research and development efforts, no doubt, resulted in some progress. However, much remains to be done. Recent studies indicate that, around the globe, elementary (Khishfe and Abd-El-Khalick 2002 ) , middle (Kang et al. 2005 ) , high school (Dogan and Abd-El-Khalick 2008 ) , and college students (Ibrahim et al. 2009 ) , as well as teachers (Dogan and Abd-El-Khalick 2008 ) continue to ascribe to naïve views of NOS. What is more, pre-service and in-service science teachers holding informed views of NOS continue to struggle with integrating and enacting these views in their instructional practice, and consequently with helping their students achieve the desired understandings of NOS (Abd-El-Khalick and Akerson 2004 ) . Progress to date remains frustratingly mismatched with the longevity and intensity of the