4.3. LimitationsThis study was conducted at two different collegiate football events in the southeastern US, wherethe capacities of the two stadiums were not equal—the on-CFE capacity was approximately 90,000,whereas the off-CFE capacity was approximately 64,300. Data were collected randomly in areas wherespectators were tailgating, and the sample populations resulted in different distributions of studentsand non-students at the two locations. The off-CFE sample was 81% non-students, whereas the on-CFEwas 59% students. This unequal distribution of students and non-students may affect the results.For the off-CFE, students used buses that were provided by the university’s transportation systemand any travel to a bus stop was not accounted for. It was assumed that all students that used thebus were living on campus. In addition, none of the off-CFE spectators that were surveyed utilizedeco-friendly transportation or drove alone with a car/scooter. Therefore, this provided no data tocompare to the on-CFE in these transportation modes. The off-CFE only included carpoolers andbus users, where the carpoolers comprised of 93.5% of the sample population and bus users 6.5%.The current study examined the differences between an on-CFE and off-CFE by considering the off-CFEas a low-density area. An investigation of an off-CFE in a high-density area may provide additionalinsights. Finally, the study did not include the transportation impacts of members of the media, athletesand coaches, medical, security, officials, and other support staff.