Other methods that can be used for data smoothing include alternate forms of binning such as smooth- ing by bin medians or smoothing by bin boundaries. Alternatively, equal-width bins can be used to implement any of the forms of binning, where the interval range of values in each bin is constant. Methods other than binning include using regression techniques to smooth the data by fisettingit to a function such as through linear or multiple regression. Classification techniques can be used to implementconcept hierarchies that can smooth the data by rolling-up lower level concepts to higher-level concepts.Discuss issues to consider during data integration.