Following Bradley and Roberts (2015) , I i equals one if the loan includes more than two financial covenants (the sample median) and zero otherwise. The reduction in the log of the all-in drawn yield spread by including more than two covenants is given by y lowcov ,i −y highcov ,i and the coefficient λ captures the extent to which borrowers are more likely to include the covenant when the resulting yield spread reduction is large. The vector Z i contains other determinants of covenant choice.