The urinary tract is comprised of the upper urinary tract (ureters and kidneys) and lower urinary tract(bladder and the urethra). Urinary tract infection(UTI) occurs when a pathogenic organism invades the urinary tract. In the past, uninfected urine was considered sterile urine; however, this has recently been questioned in favour of the existence of a bladder microbiome (of bacterial communities), characteristic to each individual,and generally understood to be protective against infection(Nienhouse et al, 2014; Wolfe and Brubaker, 2015)