The young pioneer of modern architecture first studied art education at La Chaux de Fonds in Switzerland. Le Corbusier was never formally trained as an architect, yet he went to Paris and studied modern building construction with Auguste Perret and later worked with Austrian architect Josef Hoffmann. While in Paris, the future Le Corbusier met the French artist Amédée Ozenfant and together they published Après le Cubisme [After Cubism] in 1918. Coming into their own as artists, the pair rejected the Cubists' fragmented aesthetic for a more stripped-down, machine-driven style they called Purism. Le Corbusier continued his exploration of purity and color in his Polychromie Architecturale, color charts that are still used today.