Another school of thought focuses on contextual or structural forces, sometimes referred to as ‘‘place poverty.’’ These include issues such as urban economic dislocations, faltering regional economies, high unemployment, poor and often disorganized local employment opportunity structures—all forces over which the individual has little or no control (Massey & Denton, 1993; Pebley & Sastry, 2003; Rexroat, 1989; Tickamyer & Duncan, 1990; Tigges, 1987; Tomaskovic-Devey, 1987; Weinberg, 1987; Wilson, 1996).