There is sufficient evidence also to believe that these approaches can be considered to be evidence-based with the same caveats as for the BPT results. Given the evidence for bidirectional effects of depressive symptoms and child problem behaviors, a reasonable hypothesis in future research would be that children’s problem behavior and well being would improve as a result of their parents achieving greater well being by using CBT coping skills. None of the counseling and stress-management interventions in this review asked whether there were collateral positive changes in children’s behavior associated with improvement in parental depressive symptoms, a potentially useful question to address in future research. Multiple component interventions were clearly more effective than BPT or CBT alone. This finding is consistent with Folkman and Lazarus [1980] theory of stress, understood to be the product of a complex interaction between cognitive appraisal, family resources, and instrumental behavior.