All participants who could rise from a chair without help, were not bed bound and were able to follow very simple instructions (could complete the baseline physical assessment), were offered twice weekly balance training exercise delivered by a physiotherapist or therapy assistant. Where possible, exercise took place in small groups (maximum 6) with two therapists supervising. For more physically or cognitively impaired participants who were not able to participate in group exercise, it was provided on a one to one basis. Exercise sessions were planned to last 45 min twice a week and exercise mostly performed standing up. These included moving centre of gravity (leaning, reaching), reducing base of support (tandem standing and walking) and minimising upper limb support. Exercises were based on the Otago exercise programme [12]. Walking aids were checked for safety and replaced if necessary. Suitable walking aids were provided to those who required them. Mobile participants were provided with three pairs of hip protectors to reduce the risk of injury that could be associated with increased activity levels resulting from exercising.