It is thus imperative that, in the future, efficacy studies areconducted on depression subpopulations based on specificphenotypes or even genotypes to more precisely evaluatethe conditions under which medications and therapeuticinterventions are effective. For instance, patients withdepression characterized by excessive sleep, lack of energy,and lack of interest in usual activities are likely to responddifferently to treatment with those depressed patients withpredominant presentations of feelings of hopelessness,excessive guilt, and suicidal ideation. With the advent ofmodern technologies, research can continue to test thebiological validity of diagnoses and to examine whethersubgroups of patients differ in neurocircuitry, genetic profiles,and other biomarkers. Only through continuing efforts tovalidate accurate diagnosis as well as to develop noveltherapeutics for specific subpopulations of patients that arenonresponsive to currently available treatments, we cannotincrease potentially risky treatments out of good intentionthat eventually may have harmful impacts on patients.