1. Induction of early-response genes such as c-jun and Egr-1 genes.2. Induction of later-response genes such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a ), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and platelet-derived growth factor-(PDGF-a).3. Activation of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and PKC.4. Activation of oncogenes such as c-myc and K-ras genes.