In addition to the test variables, we follow Bernanke and Lown (1991) by including DUNRATE to control for bank loan demand in Eq. (1). We also include bank asset size to control for unspecified size effects. Further, we include Deposits to capture banks’ access to deposit financing, which Ivashina and Scharfstein (2010) argue affects loan supply during recessions. Following Bernanke and Lown (1991), we also include DCapital R1 as a control variable. Finally, we include the standard deviation of stock returns as a measure of risk because the risk-based capital ratio will only imperfectly capture differences in asset risk across banks