Many studies based mostly on trauma theory have shown a significant direct association between parental cancer and psychosocial problems in teenagers such as anxiety/depression, confusion, sadness, anger, feelings of uncertainty, and loneliness Feelings of uncertainty and loneliness also seem to be the emotions strongly associated with teenagers emotional and behavioral functioning and decreased over time . According to findings from previous studies, time since diagnosis appeared to be unrelated to stress response symptoms in teenagers (1–5 years after diagnosis). These findings suggest that parental cancer may be a traumatic stressor of variable duration.