We include the following controls related to CFOs. We first control for CFO age because age is associated with executives’ human and social capital and has been found to affect executive pay (Gray & Cannella, 1997; Hill & Phan, 1991). We control for CFO gender because male and female executives of publicly traded firms have compensation differences (Mohan & Ruggiero, 2003). CFO gender receives a value of “1” if a CFO is male and “0” otherwise. We also control for CFO tenure as this may capture a CFO’s firm-specific human capital, which is measured as the number of years since becoming the firm’s CFO. As CFO educational level may directly affect CFOs’ human capital, we control for CFO educational level. We classify educational background into three levels: undergraduate degrees (“1”), master degrees (“2”), and doctoral degrees (“3”). These CFO factors may also influence firms’ evaluations of CFOs’ candidacy for directorship. Therefore, we control for CFO age, CFO gender, CFO tenure, and CFO educational level when predicting CFO board membership. In addition, CFOs who are board members may receive higher compensation; thus, we control for CFO director membership in the focal firm when predicting CFO compensation.