Average CO2 emission for new cars have been regulated since 2005 and the EU has decided to impose a maximum of 95 gram/km on average for cars registered in 2021. From 2021 onwards, any manufacturers that do not respect the threshold will have to pay a fine of €95 per gram over the limit. If today's situation remains unchanged in 2021 the fine to be paid by the industry is estimated between €15 and €20 billion. Calculations are complex as they depends on the weight of the car, a bonus system for cars below 50 grams and the aggregation of brands for a given manufacturer.