The highest mean inferior forces were observed at the Overhead-0° hand location (129.9 ± 53.5 N). The inferior force at the 0° handle orientation (170.9 ± 14.5 N) was found to be the highest across all conditions in the study. It was 38%, 28% and 29% higher than the 45°, 90° and 135° handle orientations, respectively. The 0° handle orienta- tion also had the highest inferior force observed at the Shoulder-60° and Umbilicus-0° hand locations. Both were significantly higher than the 135° handle orientation, which was lower by 17.2% at Shoulder-60°, and 22.1% at Umbilicus-0°.