One of General Electric’s key growth initiatives is to globalize its business. According to its website, ‘‘Globalizationnolongerrefersonlytosellinggoodsandservicesinglobalmarkets.Today’smostvaluable innovations and solutions are envisioned, designed, built and offered on a global scale.’’3 A critical element of General Electric’s global strategy is to be first or second in the world in a business or to exit that business. For example, in 1987, GE swapped its RCA consumer electronics division for Thomson CGR, the medical equipment business of Thomson SA of France, to strengthen its own medical unit. Together with GE Medical Systems Asia (GEMSA) in Japan, CGR makes GE number one in the world market for X-ray, CAT scan, magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and other diagnostic imaging devices, ahead of Siemens (Germany), Philips (Netherlands), and Toshiba (Japan). General Electric’s production is also globalized, with each unit exclusively responsible for equipment in which it is the volume leader. Hence, GE Medical Systems (GEMS) now makes the high end
2Salil Tripathi, ‘‘The Dragon Tamers.’’ The Guardian, August 11, 2006. 3http://savelives.gecareers.com/abtus_growth.html
1.1 • The Rise of the Multinational Corporation 7
of its CAT scanners and magnetic resonance equipment near Milwaukee (its headquarters) and the low end in Japan. The middle market is supplied by GE Medical Systems SA (France). Engineering skills pass horizontally from the United States to Japan to France and back again. Each subsidiary supplies the marketing skills to its own home market. The core of GEMS’s global strategy is to ‘‘provide high-value global products and services, created by global talent, for global customers.’’4 As part of this strategy, ‘‘GE Medical Systems focuses on growth through globalization by aggressively searching out and attracting talent in the 150 countries in which we do business worldwide.’’5 GEMS also grows by acquiring companies overseas in order to ‘‘broaden our ability to provide product and service solutions to our customers worldwide. Through several key acquisitions, we’ve strengthenedourpositioninourexistingmarkets,andenterednewandexcitingmarkets.’’6 Forexample, in April 2003, GE announced that it would acquire Instrumentarium, a Finnish medical technology company, for $2.1 billion. According to the press release,
The combination of Instrumentarium and GE offerings will further enable GE Medical Systems to support healthcare customers with a broad range of anesthesia monitoring and delivery, critical care, infant care and diagnostic imaging solutions and help ensure the highest quality of care.7
A year later, in April 2004, GE spent $11.3 billion to acquire Amersham, a British company that is a world leader in medical diagnostics and life sciences. According to the press release, the acquisition will enable GE to ‘‘become the world’s best diagnostic company, serving customers in the medical, pharmaceutical, biotech and bioresearch markets around the world.’’8 The combined GEMS and Amersham is now known as GE Healthcare. In line with GE’s decision to shift its corporate center of gravity from the industrialized world to the emerging markets of Asia and Latin America,9 Medical Systems has set up joint ventures in India and Chinatomakelow-endCATscannersandvariousultrasounddevicesforsaleintheirlocalmarkets.These machines were developed in Japan with GEMS’s 75% joint venture GE Yokogawa Medical Systems, but the design work was turned over to India’s vast pool of inexpensive engineers through its joint venture WIPRO GE Medical Systems (India). At the same time, engineers in India and China were developing low-costproductstoservemarketsinAsia,LatinAmerica,andtheUnitedStates,wherethereisademand from a cost-conscious medical community for cheaper machines. In 2010, GE Healthcare derived about $3.5 billion in sales to emerging markets, with over $1 billion in revenue from China alone. Although it still pursues geographic market expansion, GE’s globalization drive now focuses on taking advantage of its global reach to find less expensive materials and intellectual capital abroad. In material procurement, GE’s global supply chain does business with over 500,000 suppliers across thousands of entities in more than 100 countries, deriving over $1 billion in savings on its foreign purchases. On the human capital side, General Electric has established global research and development (R&D) centers in Shanghai, China; Munich, Germany; Bangalore, India; and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. By sourcing intellect globally, GE has three times the engineering capacity for the same cost. For Medical Systems, the ability to produce in low-cost countries has meant bringing to market a low-priced CAT scanner for $200,000 (most sell for $700,000-$1 million) and still earning a 30% operating margin.
其中一個通用電氣的關鍵發展倡議是全球化對其業務。 根據其網站,他說:「globalizationnolongerrefersonlytosellinggoodsandservicesinglobalmarkets.今天'smostvaluable創新和解決方案的設想、設計、建造和提供關於一個全球規模。他說:「一個關鍵要素3通用電氣的全球戰略是first或第二次在世界的一個商業或退出,業務。 舉例來說,在1987年,GE互換其RCA消費電子設備部的湯姆森放射學總公司、醫療設備之業務,湯姆森sa,法國,以加強其本身的醫療單位。 與GE醫療系統亞洲(杰姆塞)在日本,放射學總公司使葛多一個在世界市場上的X-射線、電腦斷層掃描、磁共振、超音波,和其他診斷成像儀、未來的西門子(德國)、飛利浦(荷蘭)和東芝公司(日本)。 一般電器的生產也是全球化的,每一個股專門負責設備,它是該卷領導人。 因此,GE醫療系統(寶石)現在使高端
2salil·特裡帕蒂,他說:「龍」的監護人tamers八月,11,2006年。 3http/savelives.gecareers.com/abtus_growth.html
1.1*上升的跨國公司的7
其電腦掃描機和磁共振設備近密爾沃基(其總部)和低端在日本。中間市場的供應是由GE醫療系統SA(法國)。 工程技能通過從橫向的美國,日本,法國和再次回。 每一個附屬用品的銷售技巧,以自己的家裡市場。 的核心,寶石的全球戰略是以“提供高價值的全球產品和服務,創造全球人才,為全球客戶。他說:「一部分,這一戰略4,“GE醫療系統把重點放在通過全球化的經濟增長和吸引人才,積極探索的150個國家在世界各地,我們做生意。"5寶石也增長了收購海外公司以“擴大我們的能力,提供產品和服務解決方案,世界各地的客戶。 通過幾個關鍵收購,我們已經strengthenedourpositioninourexistingmarkets、andenterednewandexcitingmarkets forexample。"6,在2003年四月,GE宣布,它將獲得芬蘭醫療器械公司、芬蘭的一個醫療技術公司,為21億美元。 根據該 新聞稿,
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