(4) caring to change our beliefs and behaviors based on what is learned. Unlike prior iterations of histori- cal empathy that emphasized the importance of distancing the historical inves- tigator from the historical figures they are empathizing with, Barton and Levstik's conceptualization Involves the student as a central figure in the pro- cess. Their work had significant Influence on scholars who researched historical empathy in the wake of the 2004 book (e.g., Brooks, 2008, 2011; Endacott, 2010; Kohlmeier, 2006). Skolnick, Dulberg, and Maestre (2004) took affective engagement in historical empathy a step further than what Barton and Levstik proposed. In their think- ing-feeling spiral, the authors encouraged inquiring and imagining through per- sonal concrete connections including personal experiences, individual stories, and pictures or objects. The thinking-feeling spiral moves students back and forth between perspective taking and affective engagement as they scaffold upward toward historical understanding. In a significant departure from prior