Research has not yet begun to look at the longitudinal needs for and benefits of supportive interventions. It is hoped that future research will build an evidence base for support through the life cycle.When more complex intervention methods were presented to parents over a relatively longer period of time than in the single component studies, there were substantial reductions in parental distress.Clinical utility in part is a matter of evidence for external validity. Three of the studies reported here were evaluations of interventions that were implemented as part of public social service programs, suggesting that parenting education can be delivered on a larger scale [Feldman and Werner, 2002; Salt et al, 2002; Hudson et al., 2003].