We rely on the dictionaries of positive words and negative words developed by Loughran and McDonald (2011) to capture CEO-CFO LCM. Loughran and McDonald (2011) develop dictionaries of positive and negative words by adapting the General Inquirer Harvard IV-4 dictionary, and address the issue that words generally classified as negative, such as “cost” or “liability,” do not carry negative connotations in a business setting. We rely on positive and negative words instead of other types of content words to measure LCM because positive and negative words are more likely to capture CEOs’ and CFOs’ assessments of business prospects and opinions. We follow the same procedure used in measuring LSM to capture LCM. We control for CEO-CFO LCM in all the regressions.