The language and cultural environment of the research sample needs to be considered. This relates to the notion of subtractive and additive environments (see Chapter 4). Negative, detrimental cognitive findings may be more associated with minority language groups in subtractive environments. Subtractive environments are where the child's first language is in danger of being replaced by a more prestigious second language. Where bilingualism has high prestige in an additive environment, a different pattern of results may be more likely. Also, IQ and similar tests are presented as context-free circumstances. In reality, 'intelligent' responses will be affected by the particular context in which a task is completed (Gordon, 1997). 'Intelligent' responses are relative to situations (e.g. car driving, money-making, musical composition, classroom learning).