Two other aspects of our work are worth noting. First, all ourexperiments were conducted with Hong Kong participants andthe stimulusmaterials used pertained to foreign endorsers (exceptin Experiment 1). Thus, similarity between the endorsers and therecipients of the message was low and it seemed unlikely thatthe effects we observed were a result of differences in howparticipants saw the endorser in relation to themselves. Second,the cultural mindsets we considered were experimentally inducedand therefore do not directly reflect chronic differences betweenAsian and Western participants. As Oyserman (2011) points out,however, there are typically comparable effects of situationallyinduced differences in collectivism and individualism and thosethat exist outside the laboratory. It is interesting to speculate thatgeneral cultural differences in the impact of marketing communicationsmay be traceable to differences of the sort we haveidentified.