In the carbonate–brucite towers, the development of ecosystems is most likely limited by the availability and renewal of carbon sources, pH, nutrients, and/or temperature. The dominant carbon species, CH4, is radiocarbon dead and is mostly produced by subsurface processes related to Fischer–Tropsch- and Sabatier-type reactions from a mantle source of carbon, which implies that a significant amount of abiogenic carbon is transferred from the upper mantle to the biosphere and hydrosphere through serpentinization processes.