It is important to stress why order is the focus of this paper (as it also is in Doyle’s 1986literature review). For many educators, classroom or—for that matter—school managementevokes several terms such as “order,” “discipline,” “cooperation,” and “misbehavior.” Theseterms are casually mentioned sometimes but are not well defined, often leaving the reader toassume that they are either mere synonyms or antonyms. Doyle’s (1986) literature reviewconcerning classroom management, however, offers some appropriate working definitions thathelp distinguish each term. First, imagine a hierarchy of concepts where “order” is at the top with“discipline” below. According to Doyle, order prompts engagement whereas a teacher usesdiscipline to curb misbehavior. The result is cooperation. “Misbehavior,” as Doyle contends, “isany action by one or more students that threatens to disrupt the activity flow or pull the classtoward a program of action that threatens the safety of the group or violates norm of appropriateclassroom behavior held by the teacher, the students, or the school’s staff (Doyle, 1986; p. 396).Thus, a common assumption is to equate management with discipline, only focusing on anindividual student’s misbehavior with the goal of achieving student cooperation. Yet, as Doyle(1986) points out, “’cooperation’ rather than ‘engagement’ (in the sense of involvement withcontent) is the minimum requirement for student behavior” (p. 396). In other words, engagementis learning, cooperation is passivity.