We do not always know what training programmes we need, but we should at least be able to say something about how they should be run, and what criteria we need to meet for training in the twenty-first century. The general criteria of post-graduate training, i.e. an approach of enquiry, analysis and reflection, applies as much to fisheries as any other field. Training of professionals should also encourage the development of wider views, adaptability, taking responsibility and further learning.