They do so in order to reduce information asymmetry and adverse selection costs (e.g., Diamond and Verrecchia, 1991), to lower cost of capital (e.g., Botosan, 1997; Easly and O’Hara, 2004), to signal their own competence (e.g., Trueman, 1986), to align analyst expectations with their own (e.g., Ajinkya and Gift, 1984; McNichols, 1989), and to preempt the effect of bad earnings news and reduce the risk of litigation (e.g., Skinner, 1994; Field et al., 2005).