Advances in treatment and prevention have led some to ask whether the end of AIDS is possible.3 With the bold assumption that challenges of HIV testing and linkage to care can be overcome, we believe that, although AIDS is now preventable, substantial limitations of present therapeutic approaches persist (fi gure 1). First, ART does not fully restore health. For reasons that remain to be elucidated, antiretroviral-treated HIV disease is associated with new problems, generally referred to as non-AIDS morbidity. Second, health-care systems in regions where most people with HIV reside (eg, sub-Saharan Africa) were designed to provide acute care only and are ill equipped to provide the chronic care that is now required to manage this disease.