But scientists are just beginning t

But scientists are just beginning to tease out the circumstances in which financial incentives work best—and why. Different health behaviors might call for distinct incentive schemes, as might certain populations. And tacking on social or moral incentives could add to the impact of monetary incentives.
Depending on whether the incentives are positive (such as payment for good behavior) or negative (fines for bad behavior), they are thought to play on different psychological processes.
Positive reinforcement schemes provide an immediate reward for a behavior whose benefits would not be obvious for months or years, accelerating the rate at which a person adopts that activity, says Theresa Marteau, director of the Center for the Study of Incentives in Health at King's College London.
Financial incentives might also work if they are in the form of a lottery, because the small chance of a large reward is emotionally appealing, according to a 2008 study in JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association. On the other hand, pecuniary disincentives might play on loss aversion— the idea that we value losing something twice as much as gaining the same amount, which means we would have to have a chance of winning $20 to make up for the risk of losing $10—a behavioral economic principle that is likely at work, too, the JAMA paper notes.
Positive reinforcement schemes encourage one-time, good behaviors, such as showing up for disease screening or vaccination programs, according to a review Marteau published in 2009 in BMJ (the British Medical Journal). The reason? You only have to do them once, says Kevin Volpp, director of the Center for Health Incentives at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.

結果 (繁體中文) 1:

But scientists are just beginning to tease out the circumstances in which financial incentives work best—and why. Different health behaviors might call for distinct incentive schemes, as might certain populations. And tacking on social or moral incentives could add to the impact of monetary incentives.
Depending on whether the incentives are positive (such as payment for good behavior) or negative (fines for bad behavior), they are thought to play on different psychological processes.
Positive reinforcement schemes provide an immediate reward for a behavior whose benefits would not be obvious for months or years, accelerating the rate at which a person adopts that activity, says Theresa Marteau, director of the Center for the Study of Incentives in Health at King's College London.
Financial incentives might also work if they are in the form of a lottery, because the small chance of a large reward is emotionally appealing, according to a 2008 study in JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association. On the other hand, pecuniary disincentives might play on loss aversion— the idea that we value losing something twice as much as gaining the same amount, which means we would have to have a chance of winning $20 to make up for the risk of losing $10—a behavioral economic principle that is likely at work, too, the JAMA paper notes.
正加固方案鼓勵一次性的，良好的行為，如顯示彌補疾病篩查或疫苗接種計劃，根據審核MARTEAU在2009年出版的BMJ（英國醫學雜誌）。原因？凱文Volpp，在賓夕法尼亞大學醫學院的大學健康激勵中心主任說，你只要做一次即可。

結果 (繁體中文) 2:

但是，科學家們才剛剛開始研究經濟激勵在哪些情況下最起作用，以及原因。不同的健康行為可能需要不同的激勵計畫，某些人群也一樣。加入社會或道德激勵可能會增加貨幣激勵的影響。
根據激勵是積極的（如為良好行為付費）還是消極（對不良行為的罰款），人們認為它們在不同的心理過程中起著作用。
激勵研究中心主任特蕾莎·馬托（Theresa Martau）說，積極的強化計畫為幾個月或幾年內利益不明顯的行為提供即時獎勵，從而加快了一個人採用這種活動的速度。倫敦國王學院的健康科。
根據《美國醫學會雜誌》2008年的一項研究，如果以彩票的形式提供經濟獎勵，經濟獎勵也可能奏效，因為獲得巨額獎勵的可能性很小。另一方面，金錢上的抑制因素可能起到對損失的厭惡作用——即我們看重損失的東西比獲得相同金額的兩倍，這意味著我們必須有機會贏得20美元，以彌補損失10美元的風險——這是行為經濟行為。JAMA的紙條也顯示，這很可能也在起作用。
根據Martau在2009年發表在《英國醫學雜誌》上的一篇評論，積極的強化計畫鼓勵一次性的良好行為，如參加疾病篩查或疫苗接種計畫。原因是什麼？賓夕法尼亞大學醫學院健康激勵中心主任凱文·沃爾普說，你只需做一次。

結果 (繁體中文) 3:

但科學家們剛剛開始梳理出經濟激勵最有效的環境和原因。不同的健康行為可能需要不同的激勵機制，某些人群也是如此。同時，加强社會或道德激勵可能會新增貨幣激勵的影響。
根據激勵因素是積極的（比如對良好行為的支付）還是消極的（對不良行為的罰款），它們被認為在不同的心理過程中發揮作用。
倫敦國王學院（king's college london）健康激勵研究中心主任特雷莎•馬爾托（theresa marteau）表示，積極的激勵計畫可以立即獎勵那些在數月或數年內不會有明顯效果的行為，從而加快人們採取這種活動的速度。
根據2008年美國醫學會雜誌jama上的一項研究，如果以抽獎的形式出現，經濟激勵也可能起作用，因為獲得巨額獎金的小機會在情感上是有吸引力的。另一方面，金錢上的抑制因素可能會對損失厭惡起作用——我們認為損失的價值是獲得相同金額的兩倍，這意味著我們必須有機會贏得20美元來彌補損失10美元的風險——JAMA的報告指出，這一行為經濟原則也可能起作用。
根據2009年發表在《英國醫學雜志》（bmj）上的一篇評論marteau，積極的强化計畫鼓勵一次性的良好行為，比如出現在疾病篩查或疫苗接種計畫中。為什麼？賓夕法尼亞大學醫學院健康激勵中心主任凱文沃爾普說，你只需要做一次。